باقر انصاری author text article 2003 per The internet, as a global phenomenon, has arizen certain issues for different countries including Iran. There have been a number of efforts by legislators and lawyers to regulate these issues, but “Internet Law” is a field that is still taking form. The present artile intends to examine one of the most salient issues regarding internet law, viz, civil liability for internet communications, with the aim at introducing harmful activities in this field and to comment on the existing regulations therein. For this purpose, a number of harmful activities have been identified by conducting a study over the legal literature, laws, regulations and jurisprudence of those countries that have been the forerunners in regulating internet communications and deducting certain conclusions there from. These activities include: infringement of author’s rights, infringement of trademarks, illegal links, breach of domain names, invasion of privacy and defamation. It is submitted that legal norms in this field are insufficient and what is presented in this article is simply an introduction to developments that have taken place at the date this article was prepared. دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11136_34e91bec699d9174582b0d3491d32629.pdf دکتر فرهاد ایرانپور author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11137_57240fac37e9a9370956332e56def66b.pdf حسن بادینی author text article 2003 per In the early 1960’s economists and lawyers from university of Chicago expanded principles and methodological individualism of neo-classical micro-economics to law and non market behavior. From the United States this approach has reached other common law counties and a number of civil law jurisdictions and in a short time intellectual imperialism of the economic approach to law reached it’s highest degree, so that some lawyers has described it as the most important development in legal scholarship of the twentieth century. From the economic point of view, law and legal rules are considered as instruments for “changing behavior” and “policy-making” and a scientific theory to predict the effects of legal sanctions on behavior is presented: legal rules and sanctions look like the effect of prices on behavior: just as increase and decrease of the price of a good influence consumer and producer’s behavior, people react to legal rules and there is a direct relationship between kind and nature of that rules and human behavior. In this approach inner and normative aspect of law, which is the basis of traditional legal theories, is ignored and correctness and morality of all legal rules and institutions is evaluated on the basis of their ability to maximize the wealth of society; even the notion of justice is different from traditional concept and economic efficiency is the criterion of justness of an action. The economic approach to law has two positive and normative branches: Positive approach is about how the law and legal rules are and seek to identify and quantify the effects of law on measurable variables; According to normative approach law should be made to conform to the dictates of economic efficiency. In this article, history , foundations and methodology of the economic approach to law is briefly studied. دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11138_fa82e6eeab6ffd88aa12ad3b8fef14f5.pdf دکتر منوچهر توسلی جهرمی author text article 2003 per دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11139_0ea276f45f807b6e3c99960e0f5437b5.pdf دکتر ناهید جوان مردی author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11140_5f6bec812f9fb83fd8d7864bb357eac7.pdf دکتر حسن دادبان author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11141_41dc2fdf8e9afc60404c2b59df350dbc.pdf دکتر مرتضی شهبازی نیا author text article 2003 per Not only the guarantee format, i.e. a direct or indirect guarantee, and the type of conditions of payment, for example a first demand or a guarantee requiring the presentation of prescribed documents, but also the determination of other clauses is primarily a concern of the parties to the underlying contract. This can explained by the fact that the guarantee is a product of the undrlying contract, and the fac that the bank enters into the contract of guarantee for the risk and account of its customer. Therefore, the various clauses which the parties to the underlying contract may have agreed upon must be acceptable to the bank too. In general, it is vital for all parties concerned that the text of the document should provide absolute clarity as regard the nature of the security, namely as independent guarantee in contradiction to an accessory surety ship. The text of guarantee invariably contains a reference to the underlying contract. Also, name of parties, conditions precedent, period of validity and expiry date, extension terms, the amount of the guarantee and its reduction, force majeure, set-off, assignment, jurisdiction and applicable law are typical provisions in international guarantees. All above mentioned provisions are discussed in this article دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11142_9254100c33802f2e3815543bee8a062f.pdf دکتر محمود عرفانی author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11143_b6542ec6fca320096a7bd28442ac62f6.pdf دکتر حسین غلامی author text article 2003 per According to findings of many criminological researches, limited number of affenders are responsible for a large percentage of aggreagate crime; those who have a criminal lifestyle. Combating against criminality and prevention of crime, is impossible without combating a gainst these criminals and their crimes. In spite of this fact, we have a little information on this case. In this article we considered various dimensions of criminal career and emphsized on necessity of and effective criminal policy. دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11144_a7382cbe741fef5a8f20cb34be0ba8c1.pdf دکتر ناصر کاتوزیان author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11145_f304697b522d07d71168d93fdb0fad44.pdf دکتر علی حسین مصلحی author text article 2003 per The attorney ship contract is one of the revocable contracts which can become irrevocable by adding the phrase, “by an irrevocable contract” or “non-dismissal of attorney by an irrevocable contract”, whereby the principal will be divested of the right of dismissal of the attorney. As a result, such a contract will be turned into an irrevocable contract in the form of a separate contract. The same issue has been stipulated under Article 679 of the Civil Code of Iran. The question is whether or not the non-dismissal of attorney can be included in the attorney ship contract? If such inclusion is possible, then how does such inclusion of non-dismissal of attorney clause affect the principal’s right of dismissal? If such a clause is included, can the principal dismiss his/her attorney at any time they so desire, or does the inclusion of such a clause in an attorney ship contract would divest them from such a right and authority exactly like when the non-dismissal clause is stated in an irrevocable contract? We shall investigate the issue in this article, and will reach the conclusion that the inclusion of the non-dismissal of attorney clause by an irrevocable contract and by a revocable contract shall have the same effect. دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11146_0058699577da88e9921eb074b46b9397.pdf دکتر ناصر کاتوزیان author text article 2003 per - دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران 0196-1026 62 v. 0 no. 2003 https://jflps.ut.ac.ir/article_11147_c3339aebc57cc91af87b6994827ce447.pdf