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Associate Professor of Political Science Department
Modernization and reforms in Iran in the early 19th centry and in the period of Abas Mirza and then in the era of Amir Kabir and Sepahsalar, from above and by government official, were not successful because of the tyrannical nature of Ghajari regime and the opposition of vested interests with the weakness and decline of the central government, reformist social movements from "Tobacco" to "Constitutional" movements emerged which could not reach to their goals and then the modern and absolutist state of Reza Shah came to power.
During the era of Pahlavi modernization, especially by the increase of oil revenues in the 1960 and 1970 decades, intensified, but because of the lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework and again the tyrannical nature of the state in the form of a "Neopatriarchy" and corruption and repressIon and non-participatory nature of decision making process and then contlict between the state and society or religion, led to the
Islamic Revolution of 1979.