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Modernization and reforms in Turkey during Ataturk's and his successor, Inono's rule, despite fundamental changes in culture and politics, did not have any national and independent theoretical framework and was not together with socio_ economic structural changes. After the collapse of Ottoman Empire, the new state tried to impose a Kamalist ideology from above and by force in order to solve identity and legitimacy crisis, but it was a
nationalist ideology just in terms of forms and in appearance, and in essence it was a westernist ideology. The social basis of the
Kmnalist regime were rooted in nobles, landowners and owners,
and the newly rising commercial class in coalition with the 111ilitary, civilian bureaucrasy and intellectuals who blocked any socio - economic changes and reforms. Uneven economic growth within the framework of the imperatives of world economy enhanced inequalities between social classes and urban and rural areas. Etatism, supporting industrial capital in the 1930s, because of interest groups' contlict among rulling class, could not industrialize the country. Then, the opposition of social groups
and strata, along with international changes after WW II led Turkey's one - party and authoritarian state towards a multi_party of religious tolerance from 1950s onwards