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This paper consists of two parts. The first focuses on the influence of
Britain, France and Ottoman Empire on the development of Egypt in the 19th century and the second looks at Sayyed Jamal-od-din
Asadabadi's role in the national-Islamic revivalism of Egypt.
Following BoNapart's downfall, Mohammad Ali embarked on a
reform programm to industrialize Egypt and took steps towards Egypt's
independence. With the help of European powers, Britain succeeded in molding both processes. Subsequently England penetrated in Abbas Pasha's Royal Council. Most of Egypt's educational and technical
institutions and its industries were closed down during that period, the navy was destroyed, the army decreased greatly in numbers, and the
pro-British and Ottoman forces gained power.
The next step towards Egypt's dependence was the open doors policy
and granting France the concession to dig the Suez Cannal, in Sa'id
Pasha's time.
French and especially British banks took advantage of Ema'iI Pasha's ambitions and extravagance in modernizing Egypt. They granted
Egypt loans on high interest to ensure their control over her. Britain used the opportunity to buy Egypt's shares in Suez Cannal at a low. price
because of Egypt's financial difficulties.
Later when Britain annaunced Egypt is bankrupt, a European
cabinet assumed power and took control of the repayment of the loans and their interests. At this time the national Islamic movement which had started earlier by Sayyed Jammal-od-din gained momentum